Egypt Attractions - Top 10 Tourist Attractions of Egypt

Egypt is located in North Africa and is among the top most tourist destinations of the world. No other country comes even closer to Egypt when it comes to the number of magnificent monuments, activities and historical attractions. More than ninety percent of all Egyptian attractions are lined up along the river Nile. Many places can therefore visited by taking a cruise in the Nile river (besides road and air travel). Since it is a popular tourist destination Egypt offers extensive facilities for tourists.

Top 10 attractions of Egypt are:

1. PYRAMIDS: There are more than 80 pyramids in Egypt which were built mostly between 2600 BC and 1500 BC and all are situated close to the Nile river. After the ruler died (or other prominent royal figures like queens), their bodies were wrapped and preserved as a mummy, and placed in the Pyramid. The most popular pyramids are the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx: An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 workers built the Pyramids at Giza over 80 years. Giza also has the largest pyramid also known as "Great Pyramid" which rises an amazing 481 feet.

2. CAIRO: It is the capital of Egypt. Popular attractions of Cairo include:

a) Khan al-Khalili market: Khan al-Khalili is one of the largest markets in the world which attracts both local's and international tourists. This is a great place to but exotic perfume bottles, Arabic clothing and other souvenirs.

b) Egyptian Museum of Antiquities: It have over hundred thousand artifacts in 107 halls. The most popular attraction is the Tutankhamun Gallery.

c) Other attractions are Pyramids of Giza (mentioned above) and Old Cairo.

3. ABU SIMBEL: It was carved out of sandstone cliffs high above the River Nile. The most famous attraction are the four colossal 20m-high statues of Ramses II guarding the entrance. When the waters of Lake Nasser to rise, UNESCO relocated them to a high ground between 1964 and 1968.

4.KARNAK TEMPLES: It is a huge complex comprising of three main temples and many smaller ones, most famous among them is the Temple of Amun. It is estimated that they were built in a time span of 1300 years.

5: LUXOR TEMPLE: The modern town of Luxor is the site of the famous city of Thebes,( or the city of a hundred gates). A row of sphinxes line the entrance to Karnak Temple. The most famous section of these temples is a huge all called the Great Hypostyle Hall.

6: SIWA OASIS: The area is famous for its dates and olives, and is one of the most beautiful landscapes and springs in Egypt. It was the most inaccessible oasis until recently. It lies 60 feed below sea level.

7: NUBIAN MUSEUM OF ASWAN: It is designed to house the fantastic collection items unearthed from the archaeological excavations during the Nubia Campaign.

8. VALLEY OF THE KINGS: The Valley of the Kings is located on the West Bank of the River Nile in Thebes. There are 62 tombs in the valley. It has two components - the East Valley and the West Valley. It is the East Valley which most tourists visit and in which most of the tombs of the New Kingdom Pharaohs can be found.

9: ALEXANDRIA: Best places to see are - Pompey's Pillar,Bibliotheca Alexandria, Alexandria National Museum, King Farouk Palace and the Roman Amphitheater.

10: SHARM EL SHEIKH: Best places to see are - Sinai Mountain, Na'ama Bay,Tiran Island, Terrazzina Beach and White Lagoon.

Other attractions of Egypt include the White Desert, Hurghada and Felucca on the Nile.

SAFETY INFORMATION: There were some terrorist bombings reported in Egypt in last few years. Check travel.state.gov for additional information. Overall the crime rate in Egypt is low. Visitors should consult with their medical insurance company prior to traveling. Egypt has high road fatalities rate so you should prefer not to drive yourself unless you feel comfortable.

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Quiet All Inclusive Vacations

Islands and cities along the coast offer an ideal setting for a quiet vacation. Most islands have a range of all inclusive resorts for the convenience of tourists. Hawaii and Florida are the popular spots in USA for quiet vacations. There are some resorts here which offer all inclusive packages. South of USA, there are many countries where all inclusive resorts can be found. Many islands off the coast south east of Mexico and the islands of West Indies have the advantage of both the sea and the hills. Resorts built in places of scenic beauty are ideal places for a quiet vacation. Some resorts which do not allow kids below a certain age can also be considered.

Mexico has a wide range of resorts to choose from. The Yucatan peninsula in the south east regions of Mexico has a number of resorts to choose from. Cancun is an oft-visited place and very popular. South of Cancun, there are places like Riviera Maya and Cozumel, which have resorts located in secluded areas. These are ideal for a quiet honeymoon or a romantic getaway. There are some resorts exclusively for adults. Since these resorts restrict the entry age to 18, quiet vacations can be enjoyed without disturbance from kids.

Caribbean vacations are also known to be quiet because of a number of small islands with a private ambience. The topography of the islands of eastern and southern West Indies is such that there are both beachside and hillside resorts. Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Antigua, Puerto Rico and Dom Republic are some of the islands that have some good all inclusive resorts. They provide suites in a private area.

Rather than big islands, small islands are the places to go for a quiet vacation. In almost all of the small islands, the resorts are all inclusive to give a quiet and wonderful vacation for their tourists.

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The Best Sports Stores in Singapore

What are the best sport stores in Singapore? Where do you go when you have the adrenalin of the athlete pumping through your brains and you don't have the proper equipment to rule the world with your prowess? No need to look to the trees and fashion a shoe out of bark and angsana leaves but simply head down into town and be sucked into the velocity of hundreds of sporting outlets all over the island that will leave you and soon, your competition dizzy.

Well the first thing that hits your mind are brand names like Adidas and Nike, which have striped this country and checked every possible location where any sort of human traffic will be passing through. Let's face it, many of us have been hit by the fitness bug but no regime is complete without some sort of rubber air cooled spring shoe or ceramicool outfit to keep us fast, give us grip and windy and cool - even when the situation heats up. These famous brand names are everywhere, from old shopping centres to new fangled multi plexes like VivoCity. Their boutiques are usually quite huge and they are the ones who are on top of technology when it comes to the latest science of making you run faster than the wind and jump higher than the clouds.

There isn't much left for me to say here because the quality of the products and the uses are pretty well spelled out in the hundreds of advertising campaigns all over T.V. Impossible is nothing and just do it are two answers you should be looking for when you think there is no way you can find the right shoe for you or if you are still contemplating whether you should join that marathon - at age 51.

But if you are looking for a wider variety and a chance to bargain, stores like World of Sports are the one stop center for every brand imaginable, from the famous to the mediocre and prices ranging to the wallet tearing to the extremely cheap and reasonable. Brands from umbro, puma, reebok are just some you can expect to come across. The good thing here is they have everything, from track pants to tennis shoes, from golf balls to latex tank tops. Everything you need to play 6 different types of sports at once is available in abundance - even to tiny details like sweat bands and caps.

Just a note to the thrifty shopper, try to head down to places like Peninsula Plaza or wholesome sporting stores in Queensway shopping centre. The prices are much cheaper and you can haggle your way to a 2 for 1 deal - if you are good enough. There isn't enough space for me to list all the shops that are available in these margin malls but they are plenty and they are reliable, lower rent means lower prices and the deal you will be getting in some of these places are well worth the journey there.

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Free Sample Donation Thank You Letter For a Fundraising Gift Or Contribution

The most important letter in direct mail fundraising never aks for a donation. Thank-you letters increase donor loyalty, strengthen relationships and increase your chances of receiving more gifts in the future, including major gifts and legacy gifts.

But only if you get them right.

Direct mail fundraising is about relationships, not revenue. The only way to generate sustainable income through the mail is to thank donors promptly, personally, particularly and positively.

Here is a sample donation thank-you letter.

Friday, January 16, 2006

Samantha Yordvick
363 Blandon Crescent
Tulsa, OK 19188

Dear Samantha:

This is just a quick note, but it comes from my heart to yours as I head out the door for my flight to Bombay.

Thank you for your very kind gift of $100, which we received today. Your generosity will make an immediate difference in the lives of mothers in Calcutta. I'm going to make sure of that on this trip.

For one thing, we are going to use your gift to fund our early intervention program. Your generosity is going to help us buy the formula and fortified milk that our mothers give to their babies and toddlers. Good nutrition, as you know, is so vital in fighting off the diseases and infections that are so prevalent in Calcutta.

You can read about this exciting initiative-and your important part in it-in the upcoming issue of our newsletter, which we will mail to you in January.

Thanks again for your kindness,

[real, actual, live signature]

Bill Bladstone
President
CalcuttaConcern

About this letter

Here are a few things to notice about this letter.

Not "Dear Friend." This letter is a personal thank you from the heart of the president to this donor. Even though the president does not know Samantha personally, he writes to her as a friend, which is to say, by name.
The opening sentence reveals the personality of the writer and clearly shows that this letter was written on a particular day, by a particular person, for a particular reason. Openings like this resonate with donors, who want to be acknowledged by a human being and not a computer.
The writer acknowledges the donor's gift by date received and amount given, specific details that make the letter personal instead of generic.
The writer shows in concrete, easy-to-understand ways how the donor's gift will be put to work today, changing lives and making a difference in the world. Donors need to know that their contribution, however small, accomplishes the goals of the donor in supporting your organization.

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10 Reasons Why People Go On Holiday

Is it time for you take a holiday? You probably don't need convincing, but if you do, here are 10 great reasons why people go on holiday.

1. To Relax - Sometimes there's nothing better than sitting by a pool or on a beach and getting into a good book. Those that do feel instantly relaxed.

2. To take a break - Occasionally, it's not that we want a holiday, it's that we need one. If life's too hectic at home, people often use a holiday to escape.

3. To experience a new culture - From museums and galleries to rich history and amazing people, new countries offer new cultural experiences and (unless they're Karl Pilkington) tourists thoroughly enjoy it.

4. For adventure - Travelling is good for the soul and there's no better adventure than one in another country.

5. To do your Christmas shopping - Many people head overseas in October and November to get bargains aboard ahead of the festive season.

6. To top-up your tan - Sun worshipers are everywhere and, while it's essential you're covered in sun protection, there's nothing nicer than returning from holiday with a good tan.

7. To use up annual leave - It's hard to believe, but some people go on holiday reluctantly. If they have lots of days to use up and don't want to use them on their sofa, a break abroad is just the ticket.

8. To watch a sporting event - From football to athletics, the world (and Europe in particular) has a host of sporting events that people flock to see.

9. To visit loved ones - People's friends and family are often now based all around the world, which means seeing them requires a flight overseas.

10. For the nightlife - There are many European holiday and tourist destinations that offer up a wild and eclectic offering of an evening, which draws many a crowd.

So, if you're ready for a holiday of your own, why not look up flights to Menorca or flights to Holland.

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How to Get a US Passport in One Day

Although some of us consider ourselves to be the most organized, as compared to most people, sometimes, we may discover, at the last minute, that we require a newly issued or renewed US passport - in a very short period of time. There are many things which could affect us that require such. Some of these may be:

* Quick Decision, Last Minute Business Trips
* Family, friend, or Health Emergencies
* Spontaneous Desire of a Get Away
* Eloping
* Sheer Forgetfulness

It is a good thing that in such situations, procedures and services are easily in place for you to get a US passport fast, and you can receive it in as little as 24 hours.

While some may know that these services exist, many do not realize that the whole process can be taken care of online - whether you need it fast or not - without leaving the comfort of your own home, and without all of the run-arounds and hassles that are sometimes encountered with the United States Post Office and the United States Passport Office.

The usual fee for getting a new or renewed United States passport for adults - 16 and older - is $75.00. Passports for children under 16 years of age are $60.00. These fees are always constant, no matter how quickly it is that you need a passport issued to you. There is also an additional $25 application and processing fee.

The general waiting period for getting a US passport, whether it is a new issue or a renewal is 4-6 weeks. Depending on the workload, it is possible that you can receive it faster, but it is unsafe to take your chances in this regard. Instead, plan on it taking the full 6 weeks for delivery, as most people report the average wait time to be between 5 1/2 to 6 weeks.

If you are in need getting your US passport issued faster, there is an extra expediting fee that you can pay to get the process done faster within your required time frame.

If you need to get your passport within a 24 hour time frame, there are two additional fees which need to paid in order for it to be processed in that period of time.

The expediting fee is an additional $60.00, which bumps your US passport order up to the front of the line. Also the expediting fee, you must pay an additional fee to whatever channel is doing the actual processing of the order(i.e. post office). This additional fee depends on how fast you need it, and which third party processor you go with.

You can receive a passport in a relatively short period of time, and depending on the processor and how pressed you are for time, it can cost you up to $300, if you need it within a matter of hours. If you need it within 24 hours, it can cost up to $250 - again, depending on where you go to get this done. Once payment of these additional fees are processed, then an applicant is 100% guaranteed - certified by the US government - delivery within the time frame requested.

Whether you need a passport quick or not, it is generally a good idea to get a passport now, rather than later, if you do not have one; or, get yours renewed if it has expired. It is also becoming a popular idea, as well as currently being proposed, that the US passport will replace the standard drivers license as a primary form of official citizen identification.

This has already taken place in many countries in Europe, as they require a passport for even domestic flights and hotels - tourist or not. Because of this, more than likely, many others will follow suit, including the US in the near future.

If you do not have a trip planned at this time, acquiring a passport right now will save you a bunch of money, just in case an emergency happens, or something else unplanned occurs. A US passport is valid for 10 years for ages of 16 and up - only five years for those under 16.

Just remember, you need the following in order to get any US Passport in any given time frame:

* US citizenship Documentation. Birth certificate if it is a new issue, or your old passport if it is a renewal. It may be wise to bring along your birth certificate anyway for renewals, as some areas are requiring it even for renewals.

* Some Sort Of ID Card. That is, a driver's license, state issued ID, a naturalization certificate, or government or military ID

* You will need also two passport photos of yourself, which match the required dimensions. They can be easily purchased at local drug stores for no more than $5.00 Home-produced photos are generally not accepted unless you have proper equipment and a backdrop, and can produce the professional quality required.

There are now websites which can take care of the whole process online, most of the time cheaper than other third-party processors, if you were to do it physically. It does not matter whether you need your passport right away, or need it in a few hours, they can take care of the whole process even quicker, saving you money in the process. This can aid you in many ways, including:

* Saving You Time in Traffic.

* Keeping You From Being Sent Home For Not Having Everything You Need.

* No Need To Take Off Work or Juggle Family Time.

* No More Missed, Late, Or Canceled Appointments.

Going the online route is definitely the wisest option, as it is a bit cheaper, and a whole lot quicker to do everything from your home.

If you are in need of a passport, whether it be soon, very fast, or in the future, check the online resources today, and save time and money in the process - and get your passport within 24 Hours if need be.

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Changes in Airport Security Since 9-11

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11th, airport security has been forced to make major improvements over the past ten years to make sure Americans and visitors are safe. Recently airlines have begun to put restrictions on items such as OEM hand carts and OEM luggage by not allowing people to have locks on their bags. It is important that airport security really figure out the best ways to keep people safe from another terrible attack. This article lists some of the major ways airport security has changed over the past ten years as well as the future of airport security.

1. People are no longer allowed to greet their family and friends right out of the gate like they used to be able to do. The reasoning behind this is by allowing people near the gate it creates too much commotion that airport security simply cannot handle and keep everyone safe at the same time.

2. There has also been an increase in overall security in terms of the amount of people checking bags and having people go through security. Airport security is also permitted to "randomly" search any individual they see as acting or looking suspicious. This selection process has been heavily criticized by both people who believe security only selects people of Arab decent and by those who believe airport security does not stop enough people who are of Arab decent. New drug tests have been put in place to check carry-on bags by swiping the bag with a round cloth, which is then put into a machine. Also, people must now take off their shoes as they go through security because there have been threats of shoe bombs against airlines that carry American passengers. The latest controversy in airline security is the use of full-body scans. These scans would allow security to see everything about the traveler's body, which makes many people feel very uncomfortable, while others feel it is a necessary evil in order to keep everyone safe. The other question that comes with the full-body scan is how to decide who must have one, as some argue airport security could take advantage of the machine. Some also argue that only those who are prime targets should have to be subjected to that kind of invasive scan.

3. Finally, there are more and more limitations placed on what items people are permitted and what people are not permitted to bring with them when it comes to carry-on baggage. Travelers may only bring one zip-loc bag full of 3 oz bottles or less of liquid. Also, travelers are not allowed to bring anything on the plane that they did not buy from the airport in terms of liquids.

All airlines have to be very cautious when dealing with travelers during these very difficult times. It will be interesting to see the outcome of the full-body scan controversy in the coming years. Airport security must remain tight in order for Americans to be safe both at home and abroad.

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Total Joint Replacements - Tips on Airport Security

When going to the airport to catch a flight today in the United States, we must pass through several checkpoints to assure that safety and security is established. In getting processed to fly everyone must pass through a metal detection device as part of the examination process.

After having a either a hip, knee or shoulder replacement the prosthesis that has been inserted will set off the alarm and this can in most cases get you placed to the side for a pat-down and being checked over with the wand which is another metal detection apparatus.

I have flown out of many US airports and airports overseas as well an the outcome for the most part is the same. Carrying an identification card that indicates you have had a joint replacement of some type will not matter.

Producing the actual incision where the replacement was completed will still get you checked out in the booth that is located pass the metal detection devices.

The delay is minimal and really does not present a problem regarding time involved. It is recommended that you get to the airport early and anticipate this procedure.

There is some former patients that have had some concerns going through metal detection devices that the machines can possibly cause some loosening of the prosthesis feeling that there is some magnetic component involved. There is absolutely no evidence of this at this time and really should not be a concern.

Most orthopedic surgeons today will not provide an identification card or bring the issue up to you unless they are pressed on the subject by yourself regarding the replacement.

The matter of setting off the metal detection alarm whether at the airport or local courthouse just gives you a few minutes of individual attention.

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Japan Tourist Attractions & Must See Places in Japan

Identified as the "Land of the Rising Sun", Japan is a country which is comprised of islands . As a travel destination, it offers a fascinating time for the visitors. A wide range of attractions, sights, historical places and natural beauties of the country combine with a colorful cultures in this country. In Japan the past meets the future.

Japan attractions can be visited by dividing the country into regions. Eastern and Central Region, Northern Region, Southern Region and Western Region. In Japan, there are hundreds of cities. Also, these regions are named as Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu and Okinawa.

There are hundreds of cities in Japan each of which has its own aspect. Among top cities in Japan are Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama, Nara, Kyota, Hiroshima, Kamakura, Nagasaki, Fukuoka, Sapporo, Chiba, Kawasaki etc. Tokyo is the modern capital and densely populated city of Japan. It is a fabulous city. Some of Tokyo attractions are Imperial Palace, Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, Sensoji Temple Asakusa, Shibuya, Meiji Jingu Shrine, the Yashukuni-jinja shrine, Ueno Park, Shinjuku Gyoen, Tokyo Disneyland.Hama Rikyu Garden is considered to be the best garden in Tokyo. For sure Tokyo is the must see city of Japan.

The Kyoto Imperial Palace Park, Nijo Castle, Kinkakuji - Golden Pavilion, The Museum of Kyoto, Ryoanji Temple, Gion, Kiyomizu-dera Temple are popular places to see in Kyoto. Hiroshima is a port city which was destroyed by an atom bomb. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, the Asa Zoological Park are must-see places for the travelers. In Kanazawa, the visitors can see Kenrokuen Park and Honda Museum. Popular sights of Osaka are Osaka Aquarium, Osaka Castle and Universal Studios Japan.Yokohama is Japan's second largest city. Nagasaki Peace Park, Confucian Shrine, Chinatown are popular places to see in Nagasaki. Fukuoka has several beautiful attractions: Hakata Canal City, Tochoji Temple, Sky Dream Fukuoka, Hokozaki Shrine, Ohori-koen Japanese Garden.

Hokkaido with its beautiful natural suroundings attract many travelers. Mt. Fuji is one of the must see places in Japan. Kumamotojo has a fame as a Japanese castle. Shikoku -88 Temple Pilgrimage- owns sacred Buddhist temples. Nikko National Park, Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park and Japan Alps National Park are among popular National parks of Japan.

If what kind of things can be done in Japan is asked, these may be listed:

Attending a Sumo match.

Participating in meditation in a Buddhist temple.

Taking part in a traditional tea ceremony.

Climbing Mount Fuji.

Enjoying and visiting cherry blossom spots.

Fishing.

Tasting sake and sushi.

Attending festivals.

Japan owns hundreds of places to see. The names given above are just some of the travel attractions.

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Singapore Shopping - Cheap Shopping in Singapore

Singapore is a shopper's paradise. Experience the fun and joy, shopping in Singapore. Although, there are ample tourist attractions in Singapore from famous landmarks, memorials, night safari, heritage tours to parks and gardens, to attract the travelers, but its the Shopping that tops everyone's list, who come to visit this beautiful Southeast Asia country. It just can't better than this for shopaholics.

Great Sale Singapore-

If you want to enjoy Cheap Shopping in Singapore, then try to coincide your visit to Singapore with the "Great Shopping Sale," which is held in the mid-year and lasts for up to a month. During this period, all the major shopping centers, malls, boutiques bring down their prices. If you can bargain efficiently, then plenty of good stuffs can be yours.

Shopping in Singapore-

Shopping in Singapore is a great way to unwind yourself and make the trip to "Uniquely Singapore" truly unique. The clothes, decorative items, junk jewelries, trinkets, artifacts and lots more can be purchased here at reasonable price range and will act as a token or souvenir, to be cherished forever. Every time you will see, touch and wear them, memories of trip to Singapore will refresh.

Popular Shopping Destinations in Singapore-:

Orchard Road-

This famous hub of shopping, have mall after mall of various attractive items. It has high fashion brand clothes, shoes, electronics goods, furniture, cosmetics, decorative pieces...and the list is never ending. One can see people loaded with shopping bags.

Bugis Street

Bugis street houses over 600 stalls and offers a heady mix of cool and trendy wears, street food, cafes at the roadside to have your cuppa. Recently being revamped, it has distinctive shopping feel. There are air-conditioned shops and spacious walkways to make Singapore shopping a great extravaganza.

OG Albert

Want a little extra, then move from Burgis District and head towards OG Albert, just 3-minutes away. Popular amongst Singaporeans, it is a one-stop-family destination. This place is hip, cool and trendy. One can easily spot international top brands and look ahead for excellent purchasing like cosmetics, watches, toys, great food, sports wear.

Parco Bugis Junction-

Shopaholics just love it! Fully air-conditioned and glass covered Parco Buis Junction has a cluster of shop houses, modern retail outlets, department stores, cineplexes, restaurants and cafeteria. This modern complex offers diverse items from household, electronics, accessories and modern wear and sums up for a great Singapore Shopping.

Centrepoint-

It is one of the most popular shopping centre in Singapore. Tourists can easily find items of their needs.
There are stores specializing in oriental rugs, sporting goods, artifacts, antiques, books and much more. It also has restaurants and fast-food outlets.

The Heeren

HMV, the largest music store in Southeast Asia, is here. Travelers and dwellers can binge on scrumptious selection of Asian cuisine.

Retreat for the senses, soothing, entertaining and economical...this is how one can define shopping in Singapore, in a simplest possible way. Next time, before you plan a trip to Singapore, make sure to prepare your shopping list. Love it or hate it, you just can't ignore Singapore Shopping.

For more information on Singapore Shopping, please visit Singapore Shopping

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Heathrow Arrivals

Whenever you plan a trip to a fabulous city like London, you should be assured that you are not the only one planning such a trip. London Heathrow Airport is considered the third busiest airport in the world based on its passenger traffic. The London Gatwick Airport has been ranked among the top 25. But this doesn't mean that flights to London are difficult to get or are very expensive.

As this is one of the busiest cities in the world, almost every major airline offers tickets at cheap and affordable prices which give you an endless variety to choose from. If the flight you wish to travel is not available, chances are that it has a partner which will be happy to take you there.

Search the websites to find the airline that provides what you are looking for. There is a wide variety to choose from and each one is different. Choose the one that provides you the most affordable fares.

If you are travelling from US to London then your flight could take from six and a half to almost ten hours. This means that you would need your flight to be comfortable with good service and enough legroom. London travel forums provide reviews from vacationers who have recently visited London. Choose your airline carefully before you purchase a ticket.

You can also opt for a cheaper flight by choosing an airport other than Heathrow. There are better prices available at Luton, Gatwick, Stansted or London City Airports. But there are trade-offs for these cheaper prices like taking a taxi or a bus from the other airport rather than the underground from Heathrow. But this can be done with the money you would have saved on your flight. So, include all the five airports while booking your flights.

Always remember that all you need is a little research and work to track down the right flights to London at the right price.

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Cheapest Time of Year to Go to Hawaii

Contrary to popular myth the cheapest time of year to go to Hawaii is winter. The myth that winter is the most expensive time for Hawaii travel is grounded in the belief that people planning a Hawaii vacation want to escape to a tropical paradise when the mainland is cold, and thus in the winter, Hawaii is descended upon by huge masses of snowbirds.

The fact is while most in the Northern Hemisphere may prefer to make like snowbirds and escape rain, snow and sleet, they don't.

Why not? Most mainlanders take their vacations in the summer. This is probably due to the fact that the longest school holiday for most children is in the summer. Even those without children seem to be locked into the summer vacation tradition or they are busy with the winter holidays.

So, if you don't have ties to home during the winter, take heart. The cheapest time of year to go to Hawaii is winter with fall running a close second/tying and spring next best. However you look at it, summer is hands down the most expensive time to not only fly to Hawaii, but to vacation in Hawaii.

Our off-season rates at hotels and resorts, for example, are found at just about anytime but the summer. There are a few exceptions, and they are centered around, as you may have guessed, school vacations.

When most colleges are out for spring break, airfare and hotel rates soar. The same holds true for Christmas/winter break. But even then, the expense doesn't come close to summer. On average, a summer Hawaiian vacation will cost you double the amount of a winter Hawaiian vacation.

If you are one of the lucky ones who can manage to go to Hawaii in the winter, keep in mind that rates fluctuate daily, and that you'll save the most by shopping the online discount sites like Orbitz and Hotwire as well as Hawaiian Air. This is true for any time of the year.

And you know a really nice thing at traveling in the winter (besides the usual itinerary of balmy breezes, inviting ocean temperatures, warm sands, luau and shopping) is the holiday season! Christmas in Hawaii is not like anywhere on Earth.

While the cheapest time to go to Hawaii is winter, airfares do go up as schools break for winter holiday and as Christmas approaches. The days just before and including New Year's are also more expensive.

But if you go earlier in December, there's plenty of time to enjoy the Honolulu City Lights festivities.

For example, I just found a rate at Hawaiian Airline's site of $224 roundtrip - leaving L.A. December 9 for Honolulu and returning December 17.

So as you can see, not only is the cheapest time of year to go to Hawaii, winter. It's a great time of year to visit our islands of aloha (in my opinion, but then I'm a sucker for Hawaiian Christmas choirs and Santa in his red canoe)!

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Ten Cheap Vacations for Families

Are you searching for an exciting and budget-friendly vacation? You can do many things with your family for less than $1000. Here are our ideas for cheap vacations that will allow you to spend that quality time with your family that will never be forgotten.

1. You can take a family of four people camping in your local State or National Park for a week. All of your campground fees, camping gear, and other travel fees will cost you less than $1000. You and your family can spend quality time together enjoying time outdoors cooking and looking up at the stars.

2. Disney World is the top of the list in travel packages for children and the park has made some changes to help make the trips fit any family's budget. You can get accommodations at one of the Disney value resorts during the value seasons (January 1-February 16, August 28-October 4, and November 27-December 19). This can give you and your family the opportunity to visit the land of the Mouse.

3. You can also get airline tickets inexpensively at several different airlines, including Jet Blue and Southwest. Then you can take a trip to Ontario, Canada, where you and your family can spend time in an actual igloo. There is no need for extra coats, however, because these igloos have the latest and greatest in features to help keep you and your family comfortable. This is one of the most unusual and fun cheap vacations that you can take.

4. Do you want your kids to learn history and have a fun vacation together? If so, then you will want to consider Boston, where the country's history first began. Lodging is your biggest expense. Be sure that you walk the Freedom Trail. This walk will take you through many of the most beloved landmarks of history.

5. If you do not mind being in the outdoors, then you might want to consider camping at one of the United States' hot springs. Hot Springs, Arkansas is a commonly chosen area to visit. Camping will help decrease your lodging expenses and you will get to soak in the hot, relaxing water.

6. If you are choosing to visit Europe, you may want to consider staying in one of the hostels. This is an inexpensive way to sleep, but they are very standard. If you have been looking for somewhere to just sleep inexpensively, then a hostel can be the way to go. You can enjoy the many cities in Europe and stay in the many hostels. There are all types of hostels available ranging from those that are just a few minutes drive from Murcia airport to ones that are in far off.

7. If you are in need of a romantic getaway, but do not have much money, then a cruise may be the cheap vacation for you. Carnival Cruise lines can offer you holiday deals for as low as $500. You can take a week to cruise to the Caribbean and visit some of the most beautiful locations in the world.

8. Is it one of your dreams to travel across the United States? You can do this on the cheap by choosing to ride a Greyhound Bus. This is an excellent cheap vacation to see many different parts of the United States. You can stop in inexpensive hotels along the way so that you can sightsee, too.

9. If you want to visit an island, but do not think that you have the money, then you may want to consider Dreams Cancun Resort and Spa. You can get a flight and a three-night stay for under $600. This will give you an opportunity to enjoy a relaxing, beautiful beach vacation in one of the most stunning and beautiful places in the world. It can be one of the most relaxing holiday deals that you can find.

10. If the Caribbean is more what you want, then you will want consider one of the travel packages to the Dominican Republic. The Punta Cana Resort rates start at around $150 and purchasing items is very inexpensive. If you have been looking for a cheap vacation to the beach, then the Dominican Republic may be a location that you will want to consider.

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The Advantage of Low Cost Flights

There was a time when flying was only for the elite. Thankfully, this is no more the case, though generally flights are still expensive and out of reach for a good number of people. Due to the globalization of the market, it is possible today to find low cost flights to anywhere in the world, provided you are willing to look for these.

What are the advantages of budget flights?

Besides the fact that it gives value for money, you would find many more advantages of low cost flights:

1. It saves you precious time - this is one advantage that many find irresistible. Time is a very precious commodity today, and if you can fly for just a small increase in price compared to a train journey, then it is definitely worthwhile.

2. It promotes great vacations - travel costs are a major part of anyones holiday plans. When you find low cost flights to your favourite destination, this mean you have more to spend and therefore makes your vacation better. Uon finding low cost flights to your favourite destination, you would be thrilled because you get to have a great holiday.

3. It is extremely convenient - one of the most important of the advantages of low cost flights is the convenience of travelling. You do not need to worry anymore about long and tiresome journeys by bus, train or car. This wouls invariably involve countless days on road, living out of a suitcase and staying in uncomfortable hotels. The flight does away with all this inconvenience.

4. It saves money - many people compare only the flight ticket cost to the gasoline bill or bus ticket cost (or any other form of travel you choose). The difference would still be quite a lot, and therefore are happy that by choosing alternative modes of travel they are saving some money. But is it so really? What about the inconvenience factor? Can you put a price tag on that? What about the food you have to take in tacky hotels/motels on the way? What about the dangers of lengthy travels, such as theft of valuables, risk to life, and so on? What about the bills of the hotels or motels where you have to put up in the meantime, when you travel by road? If you take a close look at all these factors you would be agreeable to the fact that the low cost flights are indeed excellent money savers.

The advantages of low cost flights also include the fact that you would be able to cover more ground and therefore helps you to be more productive. Besides, flying is fun and everybody should experience it at one time or other and the low cost flights offer you just the right opportunity to do so.

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Best Landmarks in Europe

Europe is full of old-world style, culture, and history. If you're planning a trip to Europe and want to visit some of the best landmarks in Europe, investigate these top picks for your next trip to Europe.

Big Ben, London

When people think of Big Ben, they think of the clock tower near the House of Parliament. Big Ben is, in fact, the name for the bell inside the tower. Regardless, it is probably one of the most famous landmarks in London.

The bell chimes every 15 minutes so all Londoners can hear. If you're a native of the UK, you can climb the clock tower to see Big Ben, however oversees visitors are not permitted to tour the tower.

Eiffel Tower, Paris

Built in 1889, the Eiffel Tower is the icon of Paris. It was erected as tribute to the end of the French Revolution, but today it is one of the most well-known and most recognizable buildings in the world.

The magic of the Eiffel Tower can truly be felt when you venture to the top to get a spectacular view of Paris. Going to the top of the Tower right before sunset provides the best views. After it gets dark, you can see the lights on the Tower twinkle in the twilight. Lights go off at 2 am, so be sure to catch a glimpse before then.

Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy

The Leaning tower of Pisa began its construction back in 1174 as a clock tower for the neighboring cathedral. During its construction, the ground began to sink causing the tower to lean to one side. To this day, the famous landmark continues to sink into the ground at a very slow rate. The top of the tower can be reached by the 200+ stairs found in the center of the building.

Buckingham Palace, London

Buckingham Palace is probably London's most famous building, and still a working Palace and home to the Queen. If you go in the summer months when the Queen is in Scotland you can get a tour of the staterooms.

You can witness the famous "Changing of the Guards" at Buckingham Palace. It takes place every day at 11:30am.

Notre Dame, Paris

Notre Dame is a Paris Cathedral and one of the finest examples of French gothic architecture. It's free to enter but if you want to go up into the towers, you will need to pay.

There are lots to do around Notre Dame like watch the street performers or sit in a local café for a bite to eat.

Europe has plenty of choices for culturally interesting monuments and landmarks for travelers to choose from. Whether it's the geography with the famous winding rivers, the majestic cathedrals, history with the greatest Kings and Queens, or centuries-old clock.

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Thailand - Chang Mai and the Night Market

Chang Mai is the largest city in the north of Thailand and well worth a trip. In many ways, Chang Mai is similar to Bangkok, but without the mass of people.

Chang Mai

Chang Mai is perhaps the most serene big city I have ever had the privilege of visiting. Located at the foot of a large mountain, the city nicely meshes older areas with modern conveniences. Serene Buddhist temples stand only a few blocks from bustling universities. Much of the city can be walked, but moped rentals are cheap and plentiful. Street markets are common, but the hustle and bustle of Bangkok is not.

The night market is perhaps the most noted thing about Chang Mai. Located in the eastern side of the city, the night market runs about a mile down the length of street dwarfed by malls, restaurants, stores selling art and spas. The stalls on the side of the road tend to sell cheap touristy products, but you should check them out anyway to sample some of the food items. Thais seem to take great humor from cooking anything they can get their hands on so long as they can gross out the tourist. Yep, you can munch on fried roaches, spiders, crickets and so on. For a good laugh, one can hang out around the stalls and watch tourist try the delicacies. It's like the show Fear Factor without the washboard stomachs and breast implants.

To find the "good stuff" at the night market, you should head off the street and up into the open air malls. As you move towards the back of the malls, the quality of the products goes up dramatically. You'll find artist not only hocking their wares, but also creating them before your eyes. There is some serious talent in the back of those malls.

If silk is your material of choice, Chang Mai is a good place to purchase it in bulk. Do not buy it at the night market. Instead, ask your hotel for a recommendation to a shop. Prices are low, but quality is high.

Traveler's Tip

Guidebooks will tell you the best way to get to Chang Mai is to take an overnight train from Bangkok. Liars! Flying domestically in Thailand is very cheap. A one-way flight from Bangkok to Chang Mai will run you about $40US. There is no need to book ahead. Just walk into the airport in Bangkok and buy a ticket on the spot.

If you prefer to spend the night in a bunk on a train, knock yourself out. Just keep in mind Thais tend to have smaller body masses than Westerners. Much smaller.

Of all the cities in Thailand, Chang Mai is my favorite. Yes, even more so than Bangkok.

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Four Terrific Places For a Girlfriends' Getaway Weekend Trip

Rather than making a trip where the nightlife is crazy and a person may need a bail bond Las Vegas, women could choose to take a girls' only vacation to alternative places. Needing bail bonds Las Vegas would ruin a trip and quite possibly have a lasting impact on the person in need. Selecting a destination that is a safer bet with amazing things to do and see is a much better option for women traveling together. Four locations that would provide this type of vacation are weekend trips to New York City, Scottsdale, Charleston and San Diego.

When ladies take the time to get away for a weekend with their girlfriends, they want time to connect with their friends, have time to themselves and time to explore new things. New York City provides ample amount of time to three of these activities. This city is easily accessible from most airports with direct non-stop flights. There are hundreds of hotels that offer a wide variety of amenities and services all over Manhattan. Women can choose to explore many of the large tourist attractions like the Statue of Liberty, Ground Zero or Museum of Modern Art. They could opt to forgo these sites and spend the weekend shopping and browsing the many stores, outdoor markets and local galleries. In addition to these activities, their weekend could be filled with sampling foods from around the world, tasting varieties of coffees and teas and enjoying breads, pastries and desserts from world class chefs.

A second place that is ideal for a ladies only weekend is a trip to Scottsdale, Arizona. The weather here provides sunshine and warmth for most of the year. There are numerous spas and theme packages that are perfect for women trying to escape and relax with their friends. Some of the theme getaways include fitness resorts, cooking schools and mind/body wellness retreats. The spa vacations are the best way for women to physically and mentally rejuvenate themselves with their girlfriends. This type of trip includes massage, facials, detoxification and exfoliation. These type of treatments allow women to relax while improving the look and feel of their bodies and skin.

Another wonderful destination for women is a trip to Charleston, South Carolina. This city is situated close enough to the ocean for it to be a beach trip while providing world class shopping and eateries. Women could rent a beach home in nearby Folly Beach to enjoy the surf, sand and sun. It only takes fifteen minutes by car to get to downtown Charleston's shopping district. There they could eat in restaurants whose kitchens are run by celebrity chefs and shop in stores featuring designers from around the world. This type of trip provides a great combination beach and city experience that is perfect for a group of women vacationing together.

A fourth city that is perfect for a girls' trip is southern California's beautiful city of San Diego. This city gives women the perfect beach trip with amazing surf, great shopping, wonderful restaurants and easy access to many beach towns. All of these little towns have different kinds of shopping and food. San Diego is filled with true California style and offers many things that make for an awesome girls' weekend getaway.

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Bahamas For Tourists - 5 Things You Must See and Do

If you are vacationing in the Bahamas, here are five activities that can make your trip more interesting.

1. Go diving - The Bahamas is the place to visit if you are a diving enthusiast. Every island in the Bahamas is guaranteed to have its share of coral reefs and serene waters, ideal for divers. You will never find a lack of experts or equipment to help you dive. The Andros Islands, framed by the world's third largest reef, the Biminis, is extremely popular both with expert and novice divers. The marine life on display allows visitors to see stingrays, angelfish, turtles and barracudas.

2. Sail into the sunset - The Bahamas are best experienced via the sea, and sailing is another way to explore the otherwise secluded areas of the islands, which are only accessible by boat. Whether you are a novice or an expert sailor, you can find sailing activities to suit your level of expertise in the Bahamas. For those who would rather enjoy the view than navigate, chartered boats and yachts are available to take you away from the hustle and bustle of land activities for a few days while still enjoying all the comforts of home.

3. Go on a Safari - An experience that can only be had on the Grand Bahama island, the Bahamas Jeep Safari Tours let you take in all the museums, scenic spots, historical monuments, beaches and other places of interest. This is an excellent way to see Grand Bahama island by travelling through the region in an open jeep with a guide to assist you and show you around.

4. Swim with Dolphins - The Blue Lagoon Island is a natural dolphin habitat and provides the perfect platform for you to interact with dolphins, based on how comfortable you are around them. You could swim alongside them if you wanted, or even hug or kiss a dolphin or two. This is a good idea if you are on vacation with your family as children are particularly fond of these animals and enjoy petting them. Alternatively, if you do not want to get that close, you might want to just watch from afar and take a picture or two to remember the dolphins by.

5. Try your luck at a casino or two - The Bahamas are known all over the world for their casinos. There are three in particular that are favourites with locals and tourists alike. The Isle of Capri Casino on Grand Bahama Island, Crystal Palace Casino on Nassau and Atlantis Paradise Island Casino on Paradise Island are some of the options you have if you feel lucky.

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10 Things You Absolutely Must See Or Do in London

If you're an infrequent visitor to London and plan to hit the tourist trail then the last thing you'll want is to be pointed in the direction of the underwhelming, the uninspiring or the instantly forgettable. There's enough of that where you live, which is why you're visiting London!

Our guide features London's best galleries, museums, landmarks, historical sites, shopping areas and entertainment zones, all guaranteed to provide the ultimate London tourist experience. The attractions we've highlighted are unashamedly well known, but do you really want to be returning home to tell your friends about the fantastic thimble shop in Pimlico you visited? Or would you rather rave about the phenomenal view of one of the world's great cities from the top of The Eye, or that you've actually seen the beauty of Van Gogh's Sunflowers with your own eyes?

London has a multitude of varied and exciting attractions but these are the ones without which, your trip just wouldn't be the same!

Oxford Street
Britain's busiest high street and London's best known shopping area is chock-a-block full of the largest branches of the nation's most popular shops - over 300 in fact. Many of the biggest high street names have their flagship stores here and the street also boasts the oldest record shop in the world (HMV at number 363). It's not all hardcore shopping though - light entertainment is often provided in the form of chanting Hari Krishnas skipping along the pavement. If you can't find what you want to buy in Oxford Street, you haven't got much of a hope elsewhere.

Nearest Tubes: Marble Arch, Bond Street, Oxford Circus, and Tottenham Court Road

Camden Market
If you're after a more bohemian approach to shopping than the Oxford Street experience, then get yourself up to Camden. One of London's coolest areas has a seemingly endless array of shops and stalls selling such items as clothing (new, second hand and retro), customised Doc Martins and trainers, jewellery, bootleg CDs and DVDs and craft ware. Open daily; it's a multi cultural experience with some great little food outlets dotted all over.

Nearest Tube: Camden Town

Tower of London
Built by Billy The Conqueror nearly a thousand years ago, this is one of the best preserved and most famous historic landmarks in the world. Full of the history of executions and imprisonments and offering the spectacle of the Beefeaters, the ravens and the crown jewels as well as the majesty of the building itself, this remains THE essential place of historic interest to visit when in London. camelotintl.com/tower_site/index.html

Nearest Tube: Tower Hill.

St. Paul's Cathedral
Britain's best known place of worship and certainly one of its most recognisable buildings, having so often been the centrepiece of state occasions. The cathedral was designed by Sir Christopher Wren and built 300 years ago following the destruction of the previous building by the Great Fire Of London. An awe inspiring feat of architecture, steeped in history and featuring works of art, monuments, mosaics and the Whispering Gallery, the Cathedral is also still a busy working church. So booking your wedding here during the summer months might just be a bit tricky.

Nearest Tube: St Pauls

National Gallery
The National Gallery is home to one of the greatest collections of European art in the world. Featuring works painted between 1250 and 1900, the collection includes such well known pieces as Van Gogh's Sunflowers, Botticelli's Venus And Mars and Constable's Hay Wain. Sadly, the work of the great Rolf Harris is too recent and too Australian to be included - see the Tate Modern.

Nearest Tube: Charing Cross. Admission: Free

British Museum
Founded over 250 years ago, it could be said that the British Museum is one of London's oldest and most prized exhibits - the museum building itself is one of Britain's greatest architectural landmarks. Housed inside is a collection of art and antiquities from ancient and living cultures the world over spanning two million years featuring the Rosetta Stone, the Easter Island statue and the earliest known image of Christ.

Nearest Tubes: Tottenham Court Road, Goodge Street, Russell Square & Holborn. Admission: Free

London Eye
Undoubtedly the quickest way to take in all of London's major attractions is by jumping on the Eye. There's not much of the city that can't be seen from the top of what has become one of the London skyline's most dominating features. To further enhance your flight on this modern day feat of engineering, you can even order champagne to be served in your capsule (not recommended for the easily nauseas). http://www.londoneye.com

Nearest Tubes: Waterloo & Westminster.

Tate Modern
If random blobs of paint on canvas and piles of rusty old engine parts is your idea of art, then get yourself down to the Tate Modern. Created in a disused power station on the banks of the Thames, the gallery has become one of London's most fascinating attractions since opening in 2000. The collection features works by Picasso, Matisse, Dali, Pollock and Warhol and represents all the major movements since 1900. Sadly, the work of the great Rolf Harris is too art like to be included - see the National Gallery.

Nearest Tubes: Southwark & Blackfriars. Admission: Free (however donations are gratefully received)

Covent Garden
Formerly a fruit and vegetable market, 'The Garden' is now a constant and varied hive of activity. It has a hugely diverse selection of shops, eateries, bars, a market selling art, crafts, antiques and souvenirs, historic buildings, theatres, the Royal Opera House and fantastic free entertainment provided by street entertainers and musicians. If you can't find something to capture your interest at Covent Garden then you must be harder to please than Simon Cowell on a bad day.

Nearest Tube: Covent Garden.

Trafalgar Square
Undoubtedly one of the most famous sights of London without visiting which, a trip to the capital would be incomplete. Not only are tourists drawn to see Nelsons Column, the fountains, the lions, the annual gift of a huge Christmas tree from Norway and the pigeons (dirty little so and sos), but it is where the masses flock to in times of national celebration or when there is cause to demonstrate. Trafalgar Square truly is the meeting place of the nation.

Nearest Tube: Charing Cross.

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Patna City

The fastest growing and the second largest city after Kolkata in eastern India is Patna. It is the capital city of Indian State Bihar. It has developed very fast and today become the centre of attractions to business. After Delhi the city has been ranked number two in growth by World Bank. Today there are many industries that have set up their operation here.

It has a humid subtropical climate. In east India it is one of the oldest major centers of learning. Patna University is first in the state. India's most richly endowed libraries are also housed here. It has a very rich culture and heritage. This city is the home of tourist attraction. Fine example of the Mauryansa art is Didarganj Yakshi and may be this is the most famous piece of art. It has many things that make it apart from rest of the tourist destinations in the eastern India. It has many historical sites to visit like museum is known for its collections of statues and oldest fossilized tree of the world. Close to the museum there is Golgher. Gandhi maiden is the heart of this place. Best time to visit here is during October to March. Chatta is very famous festival celebrated 6 days before Diwali in city. Other must see places are Mahavir mandir, Pather ki Masjid, zoo, Kumhrar and many more.

How to reach:-

By road-

By national highway 30, 31 & 19 connect city to the rest part of the country. One can be here by buses and cars. There are regular buses to this place from different destinations. You can book your tickets online and save your money.

By train-

It is conveniently connected to all the major cities through train. It is on the New Delhi- Howrah (Kolkata) railway. Long- distance trains arrive at from all the major cities. You can book your tickets online and save your money.

By air-

The best and the fastest way to be here is by air. It is well connected to Delhi, Kolkata, Varanasi, Ranchi and Lucknow by flights. Domestic airport is in Patna known as Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport. There are daily flights from and to Kolkata and Mumbai. Airlines that operate here are Indian.

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Snow Sledding and Tubing in Winter Park Colorado

Winter Park, Colorado is known as an outdoor enthusiasts paradise. There many many things to do here in the Colorado Rockies. Skiing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, cross country skiing and the list goes on and on. One of the most fun outdoor activities though, especially with children, is snow sledding and tubing. Fun for the entire family and accessible from the very young to the only young at heart. What is more fun than shooting down a hill with snow flying in the air and wind in your face? Well, here in Winter Park there are several options to get your sledding on. From the free town hill to the huge Fraser tube hill to the night sledding at Sol Vista Resort there is nowhere better to do some sledding.

Let's start with the free sledding at the town park, Hideaway Park, that is for all to enjoy. Located right on US Highway 40 in the town of Winter Park the free hill is perfect for the younger ones. There are snow disks and sleds that the Chamber of Commerce has provided at the hill or you can bring your own. Sleds and snow disks can also be purchased at Safeway or City Market down the road. This is old fashioned sledding. Shoot down the slope pick the sled up and walk back up then repeat. Usually never crowded and there is a playground for kids. Check out the the tube slide that takes you to street level. Free entertainment and activity at a ski resort, I didn't think that was possible.

Next is the Fraser Snow Tubing Hill. This is not for the faint of heart. The hill is big and the tubes fly down the hill. Serviced by a lift to take you back up the hill the Fraser Sled Hill is a days full of full of outdoor activity. I have read a couple of reviews that say it is dangerous in a good way. With a small amount of caution this is a really fun time for the whole family. The Fraser hill is, as the name states, in Fraser behind the Alco shopping center. Last season hours of operation were from 12noon to 9pm Monday to Thursday; 12noon to 10pm Friday; 10am to 10pm Saturday and 10am to 9pm Sunday. 2008-09 season hourly rates were $17 for adults and $15 for children. Credit Cards are not accepted.

Another option for sledding here in Grand County is over at the Sol Vista Ski Resort. Sol Vista is offering Holiday Tubing from December 27th to December 30th. Price is $10 each and will run from 5PM to 8PM. Sol Vista has night skiing lights so the tubing should be very fun and exciting.

There are many outdoor activities here in Winter Park and none are more fun and as accessible as snow tubing and sledding.

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Guyana Interesting Facts

Guyana is one of the beautiful places. It has many things to offer to its tourists. It is rightly called the land of waters, as it has Atlantic Ocean to its north. Here are some interesting facts about Guyana.

Guyana Interesting Facts:

* Guyana is the third smallest country on the mainland of South America.
* English is the widely spoken language of the people here, and Guyana is considered the only English speaking country in South America.
* It also has four non-Spanish speaking territories in the continent.
* Besides English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi and Urdu are spoken by many people here.
* Christianity, Hinduism, Islam are the three major religions of the people here, even though there are many other religions.
* The capital of Guyana is Georgetown. Guyana gained its independence from its last oppressors in the year 1966, but it took four years to become a republic in 1970.
* Guyanese dollar is the currency of Guyana.
* The longest river in Guyana is the Essequibo River.
* It has gold mines, and Omai Gold mines is one of the largest open-pit gold mines in South America.
* Like many other countries, Guyana has selected Victoria Amazonia as their national flower. Hoatzin is its national bird, which is also known as Canje Pheasant.
* Guyana has almost everything that one would like to see by traveling all over the world.
* It has beautiful water falls. Tall, standing trees with leaves that gives off a sweet aroma.

To put it as simple as one can, Guyana is hidden treasure in its every single corner, and the treasure is the beauty inherited from nature.

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4 Options For Cheap Christmas Vacations

Cheap Christmas vacations are becoming increasingly more popular today as even families that are not so affluent make plans to travel during the Christmas holidays. In many cases, it is much more fun to meet with family on a neutral turf where no one has to worry about all the normal stresses that come with a family get together. Instead of the long and endless days of cooking and baking, the thought of checking into a hotel where you will be looked after can sound very tempting.

There many options to consider for choosing the best cheap Christmas vacation.

A Snowy Christmas Holiday

Consider a snow or ski resort. There can be nothing better than guaranteed snow on Christmas morning. You can often find that is possible to book cheap Christmas vacations with these establishments, if you plan early. Many of these locations have cabins or lodges that can accommodate large groups. Enjoy skiing the slopes or singing carols by the bonfire late at night. Santa surely wouldn't mind a smore instead of cookies. Another great option with this type of location is that everything is already decorated and beautiful; all you have to bring is the Christmas cheer.

A Sand and Sun Christmas

You might consider the beach for a great holiday get away. Many families can only travel once a year and there is no rule that you have to be in the cold to enjoy Christmas. Look for package deals online or from your travel agent to get a great cheap Christmas vacation. Many resorts and airlines offer special deals during the holiday season. Start a new tradition with a palm Christmas tree. You could even have a star fish atop the tree.

A Christmas Cruise

Many cheap deals are available on cruises during the holiday season. You can even get group discounts if your whole family will be joining you. Christmas cruises offer live Christmas carolers, Christmas crafts for kids, and wonderful shopping opportunities at the ports. The ambiance and spirit you will find on these holiday cruises is unmatched by any other destination. You will feel as if you have been thrust into a secret holiday destination.

Enjoy an Old Time Christmas

You can definitely enjoy a cheap Christmas vacation by taking a trip back in time. Rent a rustic cabin back in the woods and enjoy holiday traditions from days gone past. You can enjoy caroling through the woods as you search for the perfect tree to cut. Let the kids string the popcorn and make the paper chains. In the evening, you can sing carols by the fire as you sip hot cocoa by the roaring fire. Spend a few days with your family and make homemade gifts for one another. You will spend very little money and you can have a great time with your family and loved ones.

In the end, it is less about the money you spend or the location you visit. Christmas is a time for families to join together and enjoy traditions and fun. However, when you are going to travel, there is nothing wrong with looking for a cheap Christmas vacation.

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Top Holiday Destinations For British Holiday Makers

8 hours on a plane is a day wasted but nowhere 2 hours away is warm enough or far enough for me to really feel like I'm on holiday. So, where I ask myself is the best holiday destination from London and other parts of UK for us Brits?

The ideal flight time for me is 4-5 hours and looking on the world map, there are a host of warm, luxurious and relaxing destinations within that flying time. Shame, none of the travel companies like Best at Travel, Kuoni, Virgin Holidays, Letsgo2 or Holiday Hypermarket ever consider that. You end up searching these sites for hours with a highly confused state of mind. Having been through this, I decided to post a little research for those facing the same dilemma as me.

So, which are the best Holiday destinations for people flying from the UK?

This listing will help you find your next holiday.

First, where do us Brits go most on holiday? I went through some search records on Google and found the following:

Top Holiday Destinations (by number of travellers from UK every year)

1. Spain holidays Since Spain is the most popular holiday destination for us Brits with over a million searches a month, I've divided Spain into regions to fully calculate its popularity.

Majorca holidays - Majorca or Mallorca is heaven. I've been there myself. With a vibrant nightlife and amazing scenic views and beaches, this largest of all Spanish island tops Spanish holiday charts with over 300,000 monthly searches for Majorca alone. If you're looking for a party place or an opportunity to be in the quiet surrounded by nature, Majorca is your best bet.
Tenerife holidays - Tenerife is the largest of the 7 canary Islands in the Atlantic ocean. Just off the coast of Morocco, Africa, this Spanish territory commands the status of one of the most popular tourist destinations around the world. As they say, the place where spring never ends, Tenerife is the highest point of Spain with its Mount Teide volcano. The temperature averages 20 degrees celcius throughout the year and is considered to be the best in the world by many. 320,000 searches online every month.
Gran Canaria holidays - Also one of the seven canary islands, the Gran Canaria is the second largest and second most populated after Tenerife. Volcanic in nature, The Gran Canaria offers a unique natural experience, with fissure vents, different soil and vegetation. The Gran Canaria is famous for its family holidays and is full of well appointed resorts. 180,000 monthly searches.
Ibiza holidays - Ibiza is a beautiful little Spanish island located in the Mediterranean sea that has become hugely popular as a holiday top spot in the last 35 years. What makes Ibiza special is the extended coast line of sandy beaches, a chilled out way of life and seclusion. As all Spanish holidays, Ibiza town will offer you a buzzing nightlife and for those looking for peace and quiet, there are plenty of resorts surrounded by nature and tranquility. 135,000 searches per month.
Other notable Spanish holiday destinations - With a 100,000 British people searching for holiday packages in Benidorm, this is the 5th most popular Spanish holiday destination followed by Costa del Sol at 60,000 searches and Lanzarote (another beautiful canary island) with 55,000 searches. Recommended - Spain holidays

If you haven't yet experienced a Spanish holiday, you haven't yet been on your best holiday. Majorca alone gets 2.5 million British holiday makers a year and 2008 was a record high.

2. Cyprus holidays - Cyprus is the number 2 holiday destination for us Brits. On average, 400,000 of us search for Cyprus holidays online every month. Yes! Every Month! No wonder I've been to Cyprus twice myself. In Cyprus, most popular spots are Limassol and Paphos - Paphos is full of ancient sites as old as 4th century BC, lies in the southwest of Cyprus and is a world heritage site by UNESCO. Limassol is the capital of southern Cyprus and is a popular shopping destination.

3. Turkey holidays - With just under 400,000 searches on Google alone, Turkey is the third most visited holiday destination for British holiday makers. The ex-Ottoman empire with a taste of Asia within Europe, Turkey is a top holiday destination where you'll find snow-capped mountains and sunny beaches at a few hours' distance. Istanbul, the largest city is where we flock most to, to live the Sultan size life for a few relaxing days.

4. Greece holidays - Close on the heels of Turkey, Greece holidays are very popular amonst British people. With just under 400,000 searches online a month, we love Greece, especially the Island of Crete. Crete, as legend goes, was where the Greek God Zeus was born and is the present resting place of Greek Gods. The southern-most of all Greek islands, Crete is the meeting point of Africa, Asia and Europe. If you're looking for a busy, choc-a-block resort holiday, Greece is the place for you, where not UK holiday makers, but tourists from all over the world flck in great numbers.

5. Egypt holidays - Enter Africa - Egypt is our 5th most visited holiday destination and top-most in Africa. With 320,000 searches every month, we Brits get-away to Egypt often during the winter. The gorgeous clear waters of river Nile, 5000%2B years of history, tourist attractions like the pyramids and cities like the Sharm El Sheikh (the city of Peace) surrounded by the Red sea and Mount Sinai are top reasons for Egypt being a top holiday destination. I've been to Egypt twice and I'm in love with that place. People are friendly and forthcoming.

6. America Holidays

Las Vegas holidays - I would have imagined America to be much higher up in the list of our top holiday destinations, but the long plane journeys and shortage of natural beauty are two major reasons why most people visit the United States for its advancements, not untouched natural places. Las Vegas leads as one of USA's top holiday destinations. The city most popular for its casinos, gambling and high lifestyle attracts us Brits in large numbers every year.
New York city breaks -The world's capital city as its popularly known is the centre of all action. The list of tourist attractions is longer than London's and if you're expecting to get away, beware, you're getting back into the mad rush. New York is a great weekend or short stay holiday destination if haven't seen the Statue of Liberty or Madison Square Gardens.
Florida holidays - The sunshine state of the US - Fun doesn't end any time of the year in Florida. With 3 of the world's best amusement parks - Disneyland, Seaworld and Universal, Florida is also the world's amusement capital. Great place for family holidays.

7. Italy holidays - With 240,000 searches a month, Italy comes at number 6. Italy is made of two islands - Sicily and Sardinia. The mainland region of Italy is where holiday makers go in search of Roman empire history, leaning tower of Pisa, the Colosseums and Rome. Sicily is the largest Mediterranean island. Sardinia or Sardegna is a top holiday destination, famous for its natural beauty and beaches.

8. Caribbean Holidays - Caribbean Islands stand out as holiday destinations for the Americans (because of the proximity and short flights), but Europeans are not far behind. At a combined 200,000 searches per month from UK, The Caribbean is a fast growing holiday destination amongst us. The Caribbean refers to the Caribbean sea, islands in that sea and nearby coastal areas. Top holiday destinations within the Caribbean are Antigua holidays, St Lucia holidays, Jamaica holidays, Cuba holidays and Barbados holidays. Lying between North and South America, the Caribbean is famous for its holidays - from Golfing to sky-diving, fine dining to clubbing, there's nothing the Caribbean doesn't offer. That, at a time when Britain is freezing! No wonder, with recent media coverage, Caribbean holidays are busier than ever before.

9. Malta holidays - Coming back to Europe, Malta is a gorgeous island with an English connection. After gaining independence from United Kingdom in 1964, Malta developed itself as a top holiday destination. With English spoken widely, British people face no language barriers and holidays are even more fun. This Mediterranean island country offers some unique features like fishing villages, and a combination of Byzantine, Arab, Phoenician and St John Knights' culture, architecture and cuisine. 160,000 monthly searches.

10. Dubai holidays - The world's highest man made structure, world's first under water restaurant, world's first palm housing, world's longest shopping mall, world's first indoor ski system and world's highest tennis court are just the tip of the iceberg. Dubai - The city of the world's firsts opened its doors to the new world and we all visited in large number. Today, Dubai is the top holiday destination in the Middle East. With 150,000 searching for Dubai holidays every month, Dubai stands out amongst the 7 Emirates in UAE. With desert, beaches and mountains to offer, sunny holidays don;t get much better.

11. Maldives holidays - The paradise islands, as the 1 thousand two hundred fascinating Maldives islands are affectionately called, offer crystal clear waters and desert sands in the middle of Indian ocean. With 80 self sufficient islands cum resorts, you're never short of natural beauty, peace and tranquility. The top "get away from it all" holiday destination Maldives won't disappoint you. 120,000 curious British holiday makers search Maldives holidays every month.

12. Goa holidays - Further East, Goa is an English holiday maker's favourite Indian holiday destination. With Churches and Temples co-existing in this city they call "Tropical Paradise", you'll find miles of beautiful palm tree beaches and acres of windy paddy fields. Adding to its charm are old fortresses, wide roads and motor cycle hires. The Portuguese were defeated off Goa in 1961 by the Indian army and since then, Goa has grown into the most popular holiday destination within India. With an offshore casino, saturday markets by resident British people and a rock music culture, Goa will give you unforgettable memories. Or you might end up in Goa longer than you planned, like many others. 100,000 searches.

13. Thailand holidays - Further east from India, welcome to Thailand. Best time to visit is between June and October. The capital city of Thailand - Bangkok boats of some of the world's top 5 star hotels and is famous for its hospitality. Visit Thailand for a crash course in culture diversity and hospitality.100,000 searches.

14. Australia holidays - Melbourne is 22 hours and 30 minutes away from London. You better not plan a weekend break to Australia. A gorgeous country that holiday makers love, Australia is number 20 in this list only for its distance from the UK. Australia has everything from coral beaches, skyscrapers, nightlife, peace and tranquility, great standards of life, extreme sports - you name it. A great place for a long holiday, I rate Australia as one of my top holiday destinations and a must visit. Make sure you take out at least a couple of weeks to enjoy Australia fully.

15. Mauritius holidays - They say the beauty of Mauritius is its people. With clear waters, white sandy beaches and year-round holiday making, Mauritius is Asia's Spain. Tourists from India, China, Japan and other far east countries keep Mauritius abuzz the year round with traditional dances, customs and delicious seafood. Being close to mainland Africa, in the summer, Mauritius can be very hot and humid, and therefore the best time to visit is July to September (their winter). With British and French history, you won't face many language problems in this Indian ocean holiday destination. 70,000 searches.

16. Bali - The tiny yet perfect Indonesian island of Bali is the center of all action and one of Indonesia's top holiday destinations. Visit Bali for white sand beaches, awe-aspiring cliffs, nightlife and to submerge into the truly multicultural environment. 35,000 monthly searches for Bali holidays.

17. South Africa holidays - When you mention any part of Africa for holidays, wildlife plays an important role and South Africa is no different. South Africa is UK's top holiday destination in Africa for the British colonial connection. Amongst others, Port Elizabeth, Cape Town and Durban offer the best natural views and beaches. 30,000 monthly searches.

18. Hong Kong holidays - A few years ago, Hong Kong was a British territory. Now a part of China, Hong Kong is the most happening place in the far east. This majorly Buddhist city is a remarkable example of success of Capitalism and offers towering hotels, world's most modern luxuries and one of the most popular holiday destination within Hong Kong is Kowloon. For some peace, you can travel to the Sai Kung peninsula. 27,000 monthly searches.

Still not sure where to go? If you don't mind where you go, and you're more focused on the kind of holiday, you may end up saving substantial sums of money. My best bet while booking a holiday is calling one of my favourite agencies - Best at Travel or Directline Holidays and just chatting to an advisor regarding what's cheap this season. I've always found Best at Travel and Directline saving me money.

Try looking for Cruises, Luxury Holidays, Spa holidays, Safaris or Honeymoons. This will help you check packages and make your decision-making easier.

Still not clear, or have a question, post it as a comment below. Either me of one of te readers will help you out. Happy Holidays.

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Celebrate New Year's Eve in Niagara Falls - Ontario

Celebrating the New Year in a new and exciting environment is highly desirable - and one of the main bi-products of the increasing number of cheap flights and greater global mobility is that this is becoming more and more possible. People living in Chicago can now choose to celebrate the New Year in Edinburgh, Sydney or Paris; however, you don't have to travel quite so far away from home to enjoy a spectacular party on December 31st. Visit the Winter Festival of Lights being held in Clifton Hills, in Niagara Falls, Ontario this year and you'll be able to count down to the 1st of January in style.

Clifton Hills is the major tourist promenade in the town of Niagara Falls, and this year's New Years Eve festivities will involve performances by 1980s legendary rock band, Foreigner, the Juno Award winning Colin James and the Little Big Band, and rising Canadian talent Justin Hines. 'Party in Niagara' is organised every year by the Niagara Parks Commission and the Niagara Falls New Year's Eve event planners provide party-goers with an outdoor alcohol licensed area, food and drink stalls, and fantastic fireworks over the Niagara Falls waterfalls at both 9pm and midnight.

Best of all, the event is free; held in Queen Victoria Park, it attracts around 30,000 people each year. The event is also covered on television and is screened from 11pm until 12.30am. Jim Williams, chair of the Niagara Parks Commission stated:

"New Year's Eve is one of Niagara Falls' busiest and best nights of the year. With the enthusiasm of all our partners, the whole city is coming alive with more to do than anywhere else in Canada. Visitors and residents should come down and enjoy our entire tourism district in full swing - from great music in Queen Victoria Park to high-energy gaming at Casino Niagara and Fallsview Casino Resort; from the family fun of Clifton Hills to our romantic restaurants and spectacular hotel getaways."

If you're looking to turn your New Year's Eve celebrations into an extended holiday you'll find plenty of accommodation in Niagara Falls. Whether you choose to spend your time exploring the world's most impressive waterfall or roaming around the Fallsview tourist area, you'll definitely find activities to entertain you and your family in Niagara Falls - and you won't even have stray too far away from home.

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Motorcycle Leather Jacket Origins and Construction

Motorcycle Leather Jacket Construction from WWII to Today

Motorcycle leather jacket construction was originally based on the WWII aviator style. In fact, the first jackets used for motorcycle riding were the A-2 military flight jackets. Aero Leather was one of the first companies to construct the flight jackets. The company used specifications provided by the Army Air Corps, a branch of the military that eventually became the US Air Force. The jackets were also referred to as "bomber" style, a name that is still in common usage today.

The A-2 flight jacket had two top-closing pockets with no hand slots in the pockets. The military preferred that their pilots keep their hands at their sides. Leather gloves were provided for warmth and protection.

One of the specifications provided was to construct the back of a single piece of leather. Single large pieces of leather are more durable. There is less stress on the seams.The number of pieces used to construct a garment or other leather item is one factor used to judge quality. Generally speaking, the fewer the pieces used to make the item, the higher the quality.

Schott began manufacturing jackets specifically for motorcycle riding in the 1920s. Buegeleisen started manufacturing leather jackets, saddlebags and other accessories in the 1930s and 1940s.

Indian Motorcycles and Harley Davidson manufactured some of the more popular early styles. Indian introduced the Ranger for men and the Rangerette for women during the 1940s. The main difference between the men's and women's style was the positioning of the pockets.The original Indian Ranger and Rangerette designs had one zippered pocket. The men's pocket was located on the right side of the jacket. The women's pocket was located on the left.

New versions of the Rangers have two or three zippered pockets, another with a snap and a belted closure at the waist.They are manufactured by Aero. Indian declared bankruptcy in the early 1950s.

Harley Davidson began selling motorcycles and accessories in 1903. They introduced the Cycle Champ jacket for men and the Cycle Queen jacket for women during the 1940s. Their classic style was popular throughout the 1950s and 60s. It continues to be popular today.

Over the years, fashion designers have changed the styles considerably. Embossed quilted ribbing and various colors have been added. While probably inspired by the original A-2s, the new styles bear little resemblance to the classic look. The practice of decorating the back of the jacket with artwork and patches began in WWII as well. Unlike other clothing from that era, jackets made from leather have never lost their popularity among the biker fraternity.

Many companies are experts at motorcycle leather jacket construction. You will pay more for the highest quality, but the jackets can last for 50 years or even longer so they are well worth the price.

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How to Calculate a Cost of Living Allowance

A Cost of Living Allowance (COLA) is a salary supplement paid to employees to cover differences in the cost of living, particularly as a result of an international assignment. The amount of COLA should enable an expatriate to be able to purchase the same basket of goods and services in the host location as they could in their home country. The basis for calculating a COLA is the Cost of Living Index (COLI) which indexes the costs of the same basket of goods and services in different geographic locations. COLA is a simple accurate method of measuring fluctuating salary purchasing power and ensuring parity.

Cost of Living Index

Our cost of Living Indexes measure the cost of 230 products and services across 13 different basket groups in 276 cities across the globe. The data is gathered by a team of research analysts who survey comparable items that are available internationally. A minimum of 3 prices for the same brand/size/volume of product is used to determine the average price for each item in each location. The items are priced on a quarterly basis and tend to rise and fall with inflation. The 13 different basket categories are as follows:

Alcohol & Tobacco: Alcoholic beverages and tobacco products

Alcohol at Bar
Beer
Cigarettes
Locally Produced Spirit
Whiskey
Wine

Clothing: Clothing and footwear products

Business Suits
Casual Clothing
Children's Clothing and footwear
Coats and hats
Evening Wear
Shoe Repairs
Underwear

Communication

Home Telephone Rental and Call Charges
Internet Connection and service provider fees
Mobile / Cellular Phone Contract and Calls

Education

Crèche / Pre-School Fees
High School / College Fees
Primary School Fees
Tertiary Study Fees

Furniture & Appliances: Furniture, household equipment and household appliances

DVD Player
Fridge Freezer
Iron
Kettle, Toaster, Microwave
Light Bulbs
Television
Vacuum Cleaner
Washing Machine

Groceries: Food, non-alcoholic beverages and cleaning material

Baby Consumables
Baked Goods
Baking
Canned Foods
Cheese
Cleaning Products
Dairy
Fresh Fruits
Fresh Vegetables
Fruit Juices
Frozen
Meat
Oil & Vinegars
Pet Food
Pre-Prepared Meals
Sauces
Seafood
Snacks
Soft Drinks
Spices & Herbs

Healthcare: General Healthcare, Medical and Medical Insurance

General Practitioner Consultation rates
Hospital Private Ward Daily Rate
Non-Prescription Medicine
Private Medical Insurance / Medical Aid Contributions

Household: Housing, water, electricity, household gas, household fuels, local rates and residential taxes

House / Flat Mortgage
House / Flat Rental
Household Electricity Consumption
Household Gas / Fuel Consumption
Household Water Consumption
Local Property Rates / Taxes / Levies

Miscellaneous: Stationary, Linen and general goods and services

Domestic Help
Dry Cleaning
Linen
Office Supplies
Newspapers and Magazines
Postage Stamps

Personal Care: Personal Care products and services

Cosmetics
Haircare
Moisturiser / Sun Block
Nappies
Pain Relief Tablets
Toilet Paper
Toothpaste
Soap / Shampoo / Conditioner

Recreation and Culture

Books
Camera Film
Cinema Ticket
DVD and CD's
Sports goods
Theatre Ticket

Restaurants, Meals Out and Hotels

Business Dinner
Dinner at Restaurant (non fast food)
Hotel Rates
Take Away Drinks & Snacks (fast Food)

Transport: Public Transport, Vehicle Costs, Vehicle Fuel, Vehicle Insurance and Vehicle Maintenance

Hire Purchase / Lease of Vehicle
Petrol / Diesel
Public Transport
Service Maintenance
Tyres
Vehicle Insurance
Vehicle Purchase

Each basket category does not count equally and are weighted in the final calculation based on expatriate spending patterns.

In order to calculate an accurate cost of living index for a specific individual the basket items that are not relevant to the individual should be excluded from the calculation. For example if education and housing is provided by the employer these basket categories would be excluded from the cost of living index calculation. This increases the accuracy of the cost of living index and makes it possible for each individual to have their own customized cost of living index based on their specific arrangements rather than using an overall "generic" index which is likely to contains costs that are not relevant to the individual.

The formula for calculating the specific cost of living index for an international assignment is as follows:

Cost of Living Index = Customized Cost of Living Index for Host City / Customized Cost of Living Index for Home City

When moving to a higher cost of living host city, the index will be greater than 1 (positive). When moving to a lower cost of living host city the index will be less than 1 (negative). Where the index is negative it means that in real terms the cost of living in the host city is lower than the home city. This means that if the negative index where to be applied to the employee's salary, they would actually be paid proportionately less spendable salary in the host city. It is important to note that the majority of organizations do not apply a negative cost of living index because it makes it difficult to persuade an employee to take up an assignment as they tend to see it as a reduction in salary.

Examples of Cost of Living Index Calculations using our data:

Example 1) An Australian employee moving from Perth to London where healthcare and communication will be provided by the employer

More Expensive in London:

Alcohol & Tobacco +4.77%
Clothing +21.85%
Education +31.53%
Furniture & Appliances +16.03%
Groceries +16.35%
Household +50.72%
Miscellaneous +137.47%
Personal Care +11.18%
Recreation & Culture -6.82%
Restaurants Meals Out and Hotels +34.99%
Transport +19.80%

The overall difference in cost of living moving from Perth and London is +28.06%.

In this case the cost of living index is positive and would be applied as it is.

Example 2) A British employee moving from London to Mumbai where the employer will provide housing and education

More Expensive in Mumbai:

Alcohol & Tobacco -37.53%
Clothing -9.58%
Communication -44.92%
Furniture & Appliances -19.31%
Groceries -24.03%
Healthcare -31.24%
Miscellaneous -72.43%
Personal Care -24.94%
Recreation & Culture -35.73%
Restaurants Meals Out and Hotels -33.11%
Transport is -27.99%

The overall difference in cost of living moving from London Mumbai is -30.53%.

In this case the cost of living index is negative and would not be applied.

Net Spendable Salary

Differences in cost of living only impact the portion of the salary that is spendable in the host country. Items in the home country such as retirement funding, medical insurance and other home based costs are not impacted by the cost of living in the host country.

To determine the Net Spendable Salary establish what amount / portion of the current salary (in home currency) is spent in maintaining the employee's current standard of living / lifestyle. What will the expatriate need to spend their salary on in the host country? For example will accommodation be provided or will the employee pay rent, will healthcare be provided etc. Deduct all items that are either provided in kind or are spendable in the home country. Deduct the hypothetical amount of tax, social contributions and any other statutory deductions applicable in the home country from the Spendable Salary. What is left is the Net Spendable Salary.

Cost of Living Allowance (COLA)

The formula for calculating the cost of living allowance using the above inputs is as follows:

(Net Spendable Salary X Cost of Living Index X Hardship Index X Exchange Rate) less (Net Spendable Salary X Exchange Rate) = COLA

Examples of COLA Calculations using our data

Example 1) An Australian employee with a net spendable salary of AUD$100,000 moving from Perth to London where healthcare and communication will be provided by the employer

($100,000.00 X 1.2806 X 1 X 0.4768) less ($100,000.00 X 0.4768) = COLA of £13,379.44 (GBP)

Based on all the above factors a person would require a Cost of Living Allowance of £13,379.44 (GBP), in addition to their current salary of 100,000.00 Australian Dollar (AUD) to compensate for relocating from Perth to London. This Cost of Living Allowance compensates for the overall cost of living difference of +28.06% and the relative difference in hardship of 0%.

Example 2) A British employee with a net spendable salary of £18,000 moving from London to Mumbai where the employer will provide housing and education

Note: Because the Cost of Living Index is negative it is not applied.

(£18,000.00 X 1 X 1.3 X 67.2852) less (£18,000.00 X67.2852) = COLA of 363,340.32 Indian Rupee

Based on all the above factors a person would require a Cost of Living Allowance of 363,340.32 (INR ), in addition to their current salary of £18,000.00 British Pound (GBP ) to compensate for relocating from London to Mumbai. This Cost of Living Allowance compensates for the overall cost of living difference of [-30.53%] and the relative difference in hardship of 30%.

COLA Payment

The COLA is paid as a salary supplement (i.e. as an additional allowance) net of tax in the host country. If the COLA is a taxable allowance in the host country it should be grossed up in order that the full amount of calculated COLA is paid net of tax given that the basis of the calculation is Net Spendable Salary. The COLA is often accompanied by other allowances and benefits such as flights home, relocation / settling in allowance, and furnishing allowance.

Exchange Rate Fluctuations

Significant changes in the exchange rate can make a considerable difference in the COLA calculation. In 2008 some of the major global exchange rates changed by as much as 30-40%.

The cost of living index reflects the changes caused by inflation and exchange rates. In the short-term there may be disequilibrium between inflation and the exchange rate (the one pushes the other), however over time the cost of living index provides the most accurate view of the cost of living.

It is important to remind expatriates that when the cost of living difference is negative, and the negative value has not been applied, they have higher purchasing power in the host country than they would at home.

Where a negative cost of living index has not been applied (our recommended approach), and a change in the exchange rate indicates an upward adjustment in COLA may be required, it is recommended that the COLA should not be adjusted upward until the cost of living index becomes positive i.e. the cost of living reflects that there is a "real" increase in cost of living between home and host countries. This may mean that their would be no increase in the COLA as a result of exchange rate fluctuations for some considerable time. During this time the employee's purchasing power decreases. But it is important to remember that until the cost of living difference becomes positive, the individual will still have a higher purchasing power than they do in their home country.

It is advisable to stipulate a currency protection rule, rather than reacting to every fluctuation in the exchange rate. For example the rule may state that COLA will be reviewed if exchange rates or local inflation move by more than +10% during a year. It is important to keep in mind that the prices of goods and services are unlikely to drop in local currency. This would only occur in a period of deflation (negative inflation). Therefore the currency protection rule would normally make provision for upward adjustments in COLA and not downward adjustments during an employee's assignment. Downward adjustments to an existing COLA due to exchange rate fluctuations without a corresponding drop in the prices of local goods and services puts immense pressure on an employee's host currency budget commitments and can lead to the employee experiencing financial difficulty.

Using an independent service provider provides an independent, objective basis for determining an employee's COLA.

We recommend therefore that a COLA is calculated by applying the specific (customized) cost of living index to the net spendable salary at the beginning of the assignment and monitoring exchange rate fluctuations thereafter in addition to the annual salary review.

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